共产主义, 社会主义, 共产党, Communism, Marxism, Engels, 恩格斯: 家庭, 私有制和国家的起源! (6)

Engels, 恩格斯: 家庭, 私有制和国家的起源! (6)

 

家庭, 私有制和国家的起源! P6: (作品辑录)

1891年第四版序言

巴霍芬从他极其勤奋地搜集来的无数段古代经典著作中,
为这些论点找出了证据!

由"淫游婚"到专偶婚的发展,
以及由母权制到父权制的发展, 据他的意见…

特别是在希腊人中间; 是由于宗教观念的进一步发展,

由于代表新观念的新神
挤入体现旧观念的"传统神"内部;

因此, 旧神就越来越被"新神"排挤到后边去了!

所以, 照巴霍芬看来,
并不是人们的现实生活条件的发展,

而是这些条件在这些人们头脑中的宗教反映,
引起了男女两性相互的社会地位的历史性的变化!

根据这一点, 巴霍芬指出;
埃斯库罗斯的《奥列斯特》三部曲是用戏剧的形式来描写

没落的"母权制"跟发生于英雄时代
并日益获得胜利的"父权制"之间的斗争!

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Atheism, Atheist, Philosophy, Writing, Religion, Nietzsche: Twilight Of The Idols! (7)

Friedrich Nietzsche: Twilight Of The Idols! (7)

 

HE PROBLEM OF SOCRATES: (網友提供; 如有錯誤, 請原諒!)

When one finds it necessary
to turn reason into a tyrant,

as Socrates did, the danger cannot
be slight that something
else will play the tyrant.

Rationality was then hit upon
as the savior;
neither Socrates nor his “patients" had

any choice about being rational:

it was de rigeur,
it was their last resort.

The fanaticism with which
all Greek reflection throws itself
upon rationality betrays a desperate situation;

there was danger,
there was but one choice:

either to perish or, to be absurdly rational.

The moralism of the Greek philosophers
from Plato on is pathologically conditioned;

so is their esteem of dialectics.

Reason-virtue-happiness,

that means merely that
one must imitate Socrates and counter
the dark appetites with a permanent daylight!

the daylight of reason.

One must be clever, clear,
bright at any price: any concession to the instincts,

to the unconscious, leads downward.

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Atheism, Atheist, Philosophy, Writing, Religion, Nietzsche: Twilight Of The Idols! (6)

Friedrich Nietzsche: Twilight Of The Idols! (6)

 

HE PROBLEM OF SOCRATES: (網友提供; 如有錯誤, 請原諒!)

But Socrates guessed even more.

He saw through his noble Athenians;
he comprehended that his own case,

his idiosyncrasy, was no longer exceptional.

The same kind of degeneration
was quietly developing everywhere:

old Athens was coming to an end.

And Socrates understood that
all the world needed him, his means,

his cure, his personal artifice of self-preservation.

Everywhere the instincts were
in anarchy everywhere one
was within five paces of excess:

monstrum in animo was the general danger.

The impulses want to play the tyrant;
one must invent a counter-tyrant who is stronger.

When the physiognomist had revealed
to Socrates who he was…

a cave of bad appetites…

the great master of irony let slip another word
which is the key to his character.

“This is true," he said,
“but I mastered them all."

How did Socrates become master over himself?

His case was, at bottom,
merely the extreme case,

only the most striking instance
of what was then beginning
to be a universal distress:

no one was any longer master over himself,
the instincts turned against each other.

He fascinated, being this extreme case;
his awe-inspiring ugliness proclaimed him
as such to all who could see:

he fascinated, of course,
even more as an answer,

a solution, an apparent cure of this case.

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共产主义, 社会主义, 共产党, Communism, Marxism, Engels, 恩格斯: 家庭, 私有制和国家的起源! (3)

Engels, 恩格斯: 家庭, 私有制和国家的起源! (3)

 

家庭, 私有制和国家的起源! P3: (作品辑录)

1891年第四版序言

本书以前各版, 印数虽多;
但在差不多半年以前就脱销了, 出版者早就请我准备新版!

更紧迫的工作一直拖住我, 使我不能做这件事;

自本书初版问世以来, 已经有七年了;
在这几年间, 对于原始家庭形式的认识,

已经获得了很大的进展…

因此, 在这里必须用心地加以修订和补充;
加之这次文本的排印预定要铸成铅版,

这将使我在相当时期内无法作进一步的修改!

因此, 我仔细地校阅了全文, 并作了许多补充,
我希望在这些补充中恰如其分地照顾到了今天的科学状况!

其次, 在这篇序言里;
我将把自巴霍芬至摩尔根对于家庭史的观点的发展,
作一简短的评述;

我之所以要这样做,
主要是因为带有(沙文主义情绪)的英国史前史学派,

仍然尽一切可能闭口不提
摩尔根的发现在原始历史观中所引起的革命,

同时却"毫不客气"的把摩尔根所得的成果, 掠为己有!

而在其他国家, 也有人非常热中于效尤英国…

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共产主义, 社会主义, 共产党, Communism, 保卫世界和平, 反帝国主义: 抗美援朝战争! (1)

保卫世界和平, 反帝国主义: 抗美援朝战争! (1)

 

志愿军出征前向祖国人民宣誓! (网友提供!)

雄赳赳, 气昂昂, 跨过鸭绿江!

1950年10月15日,
即将出国作战的志愿军各部队全部移至安东、辑安一线;

按划分的渡口对桥梁和道路等进行勘察,
做好渡江的一切准备!

志愿军出动前, 一方面隐蔽集结待命;
一方面组织部队以团为单位普遍召开了誓师大会!

向祖国人民庄严宣誓: 我们是中国人民志愿军!

为了反对美帝国主义的残暴侵略,
援助朝鲜兄弟民族的解放斗争,

保卫中国人民、朝鲜人民和亚洲人民的利益,
我们志愿开赴朝鲜战场, 与朝鲜人民并肩作战;

为消灭共同的敌人, 争取共同的胜利而奋斗!

为了完成这一光荣、伟大的战斗任务,
我们誓以英勇顽强的战斗意志;

坚决服从命令, 听从指挥, 上级指到哪里打到哪里;
决不畏惧, 决不动摇, 发扬刻苦耐劳的坚诚精神;

克服一切艰苦困难, 发扬革命的英雄主义,
在战斗中创建奇功!

我们要尊重朝鲜人民领袖"金日成"将军的领导,
学习朝鲜人民英勇善战的战斗作风,

尊重"朝鲜人民"的风俗习性,
爱护朝鲜的一山一水、一草一木,

和朝鲜人民、朝鲜军队团结一致,
将美帝国主义的"侵略军队"全部、干净、彻底消灭!

吶喊的声音, 如滚滚惊雷, 震憾着人民共和国的大地;
激励着志愿军将士奔赴朝鲜战场,

与以美国为首的"联合国军"浴血奋战…

打破了美帝国主义不可战胜的神话,
顶住了美国侵略扩张的势头!

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共产主义, 社会主义, 共产党, Communism, 中国, Revolution, 李大钊: 上海的童工问题! (2)

中国, Revolution, 李大钊: 上海的童工问题! (2)

 

上海的童工问题! 1924 P2: (作品辑录)

据调查的结果, 把上海市分为十区;
共得雇佣"童工"的大小工厂二百七十五个;

童工总数有17万3272人;
就中含有(十二岁以上)的男工44741人; 女工105921人;

十二岁(以下)的男童工4475人; 女童工18135人!

这275个工厂厂主(资本家)所隶之国籍;

日本三十二, 英国二十四, 美国十二;
意大利七, 法国五, 葡萄牙、瑞典、比利时各一;

英美合办者二, 其余一百九十厂均为华人(资本家)所营办!

3) 杨树浦区

工厂数: 31(日15、英3、美1、华12)

十二岁以上的男童工总数 11757
十二岁以上的女童工总数 29793
十二岁以下的男童工总数 1254
十二岁以下的女童工总数 3327

合计: 46131

4) 小沙渡区

工厂数: 34(日本10、英3、美2、瑞典1、华18)

十二岁以上的男童工总数 17206
十二岁以上的女童工总数 30363
十二岁以下的男童工总数 1087
十二岁以下的女童工总数 1934

合计: 50590

5) 西虹口区

工厂数: 11(英5、义3、法2、华1)

十二岁以上的男童工总数 389
十二岁以上的女童工总数 4936
十二岁以下的男童工总数 1454
十二岁以下的女童工总数 6794

合计: 13573

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Atheism, Atheist, 無神論, Science, Education, Evolutionism, 達爾文, Darwin: 物種起源! (31)

Evolutionism, 達爾文, Darwin: 物種起源! (31)

 

達爾文 (1809-1882), 物種起源! P31: (作品輯錄)

有這幾個品種的骨骼, 其面骨的長度、
闊度、曲度的發育大有差異!

下顎的枝骨形狀以及闊度和長度,
都有高度顯著的變異!

尾椎和薦椎的數目有變異; 肋骨的數目也有變異,
它們的相對闊度和突起的有無, 也有變異!

胸骨上的孔的大小和形狀有高度的變異;
叉骨兩枝的開度和相對長度也是如此!

口裂的相對闊度, 眼瞼、鼻 孔、舌
(並不永遠和喙的長度有嚴格的相關)的相對長度,

嗉囊和上部食管的大小;

脂肪腺的發達和退化; 第一列翅羽和尾羽的數目;

翅和尾的彼此相對長度及其和身體的相對長度;
腿和腳的相對長度;

趾上鱗板的數目, 趾間皮膜的發達程度,
這一切構造都是易於變異的!

羽毛完全出齊的時期有變異,
孵化後雛鴿的絨毛狀態也是如此!

卵的形狀和大小有變異;
飛的姿勢及某些品種的聲音和性情都有顯著差異!

最後, 還有某些品種, 雌雄間彼此微有差異!

總共至少可以選出二十種鴿,
如果把它們拿給鳥學家去看, 並且告訴他, 這些都是野鳥,

他一定會把它們列為界限分明的物種的!

還有, 我不相信任何鳥學家
在這樣情形下會把英國傳書鴿、

短面翻飛鴿、侏儒鴿、巴巴厘鴿、
突胸鴿以及扇尾鴿列入同屬;

特別是把每一個這些品種中的幾個純粹遺傳的亞品種,

這些他會叫做物種… 指給他看, 尤其如此!

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Communism, Karl Marx, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: A Brief Biographical Sketch With an Exposition of Marxism! (3)

Karl Marx, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:
A Brief Biographical Sketch With an Exposition of Marxism! (3)

 

Exposition of Marxism 1914! P3:
(網友提供; 如有錯誤, 請原諒!)

Left Hegelian views were making
rapid headway in Germany at the time.

Feuerbach began to criticize theology,

particularly after 1836,
and turn to materialism,

which in 1841 gained ascendancy
in his philosophy (The Essence of Christianity).

The year 1843 saw the appearance
of his Principles of the Philosophy
of the Future.

One must oneself have experienced
the liberating effect of these books,

Engels subsequently wrote
of these works of Feuerbach.

We [i.e., the Left Hegelians, including Marx]
all became at once Feuerbachians.

At that time,
some radical bourgeois in the Rhineland,

who were in touch with the Left Hegelians,
founded, in Cologne,

an opposition paper called Rheinische Zeitung
(The first issue appeared on January 1, 1842).

Marx and Bruno Bauer were invited
to be the chief contributors,

and in October 1842 Marx became

editor-in-chief and moved from
Bonn to Cologne.

The newspaper’s revolutionary-democratic
trend became more and more pronounced
under Marx’s editorship,

and the government first imposed double
and triple censorship on the paper,

and then on January 1 1843 decided
to suppress it.

Marx had to resign the editorship
before that date,

but his resignation did not save the paper,
which suspended publication in March 1843.

Of the major articles Marx contributed
to Rheinische Zeitung, Engels notes,

in addition to those indicated below
(see Bibliography),

an article on the condition
of peasant winegrowers in the Moselle Valley.

Marx’s journalistic activities convinced him
that he was insufficiently acquainted
with political economy,

and he zealously set out to study it.

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Celebrity, photos, model, portrait, pictures, photography, Artists, Arts: F50 V083

Celebrity, Artists, Arts: F50 V083

F50_083_01

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F50_083_09

F50_083_10

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Society, Philosophy, Engels: The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State! (7)

Engels: The Origin of the Family,
Private Property and the State! (7)

 

The Origin of the Family! P7: (網友提供; 如有錯誤, 請原諒!)

Bachofen finds the proofs of these assertions
in innumerable passages of
ancient classical literature,

which he collected with immense industry.

According to him, the development from
hetaerism to monogamy and from mother-right
to father-right is accomplished,

particularly among the Greeks,
as the consequence of an advance in religious conceptions,

introducing into the old hierarchy of the gods,
representative of the old outlook,

new divinities, representative of the new outlook,
who push the former more and more into the background.

Thus, according to Bachofen,
it is not the development
of men’s actual conditions of life,

but the religious reflection of these
conditions inside their heads,

which has brought about the historical changes
in the social position of the sexes
in relation to each other.

In accordance with this view,
Bachofen interprets the Oresteia of Aschylus

as the dramatic representation
of the conflict between declining mother-right

and the new father-right that arose
and triumphed in the heroic age.

For the sake of her paramour,
Clytemnestra slays her husband,

Agamemnon, on his return from the Trojan War;

but Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and herself,
avenges his father’s murder by slaying his mother.

For this act he is pursued by the Furies,

the demonic guardians of mother-right,
according to which matricide is the gravest
and most inexpiable crime.

But Apollo, who by the voice of his oracle
had summoned Orestes to this deed,

and Athena, who is called upon to give judgment

the two deities who here represent
the new patriarchal order

take Orestes under their protection;
Athena hears both sides.

The whole matter of the dispute is briefly summed up
in the debate which now takes place
between Orestes and the Furies.

Orestes contends that Clytemnestra
has committed a double crime;

she has slain her husband and thus
she has also slain his father.

Why should the Furies pursue him, and not her,
seeing that she is by far the more guilty?

The answer is striking:
She was not kin by blood to the man she slew.

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